Operant Conditioning and Skinners Method - 1158 Words

Operant Conditioning Introduction Operant conditioning is also referred to as instrumental conditioning and is reported as a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. (Cherry, 2007) Operant conditioning was first examined by B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist and this is why it is referr3ed to as Skinnerian conditioning. (Cherry, 2007) Skinner held that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used in explaining behavior and that human behavior could be explained both by internal and external factors. I. Examples of Operant Conditioning Examples of Operant conditioning can be found in all areas of life such as children who complete homework and earn a reward from their parents or teacher or employees who complete projects and receive promotions or raises in pay. Cherry (2007) states that the promise of the rewards results in an increase in a specific behavior or alternatively the decrease in a specific and undesired behavior. Operant conditioning involves a voluntary response being followed by a reinforcing stimulus and a reinforcer is stated to be any stimulus that increases the behaviors frequency. In order to be a reinforce stimuli the stimuli is required to follow the response immediately and must be understood as being contingent upon the response. II. Components of Operant Conditioning The components of operantShow MoreRelatedVerbal Behavior and Verbal Response1328 Words   |  5 PagesSkinner, in ‘A review of B. F. Skinner’s verbal Behavior’ and ‘Selections from Science and Human Behavior’, discusses the idea of operant conditioning in human behavior, and functional analysis in human verbal behavior respectively. Both ideas seek to explain human behavior, whether in physical action or in verbal communication. Operant conditioning takes its root from Thorndike’s law of effect, dealing with reinforcing consequences that are contingent on a response (or specified behavior). FunctionalRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’sRead MoreClassical And Operant Conditioning And The Field Of Psychology997 Words   |  4 PagesHow have studies of classical and operant conditioning contributed to the field of psychology? In this essay I will outline the main principles of both operant and classical conditioning methods and discuss what both theories have contributed to the field of psychology and what they have taught us about the way in which some human behaviour occurs. Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning (Davis, S. F., Buskist, W. (2008). 21st century psychology: a reference handbook PageRead MoreSkinner And His Contribution On Behaviorism And Operant Conditioning1500 Words   |  6 Pagesof reinforcement (Myers, 2010). Skinner developed much of his work based from the law of effect by Edward Thorndike, who was also known as a philosopher. This research paper will focus on B.F. Skinner and his contribution on behaviorism and operant conditioning. This paper will provide an in-depth explanation on the concept and development of behavior analysis, B.F. Skinner was one of the most controversial intellectual figures of the late twentieth century. He was well-knownRead MoreOperant Conditioning And Its Effect On Behavior1380 Words   |  6 PagesOperant conditioning refers to the method of learning to occur through rewards and punishment for behavior (Staddon Cerutti 2002). In the operant condition, an association occurs between the behavior and the consequences of the behavior. Behaviorist B.F Skinner coined operant conditioning, and that is why some refer to it as Skinnerian conditioning. Skinner started studying operant conditioning in the late 1920s when he was a graduate student at Harvard University. As a behaviorist B.F SkinnerRead MoreClassic Behavioristic Principles of Psychology Developed by B.F. Skinner1372 Words   |  6 Pagesof the life span, including human infancy† (p. 1411). One of Skinners greatest scientific discoveries was â€Å"single reinforcement† which became sufficient for â€Å"operant c onditioning, the role of extinction in the discovery of intermittent schedules, the development of the method of shaping by successive approximation, and Skinners break with and rejection of stimulus-response psychology† (Iversen, 1992, p. 1318). According to Skinner’s theories, â€Å"Reinforcement does not strengthen the response instanceRead MoreOperant Conditioning by B. F Skinner1580 Words   |  7 Pagestheory of operant conditioning. B. F. skinner,(March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) is an American psychologist who believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. As Skinners theory was based on the earlier work of Thorndike, he also believed that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the causes of the action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioningRead MoreWatsons Classical Conditioning Research Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Watson’s Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning was found by Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Watson’s research was influenced by Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory. Watson made a research on children’s emotions using the Classical Conditioning model. According to Watson, love, fear, and anger are the three kinds of emotions inherited by humans (Hall 1988). He believed these emotions could be learned through conditioning. He formed his hypothesis and carried out an experiment. John BRead More B. F. Skinner Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmotion machine, but it failed. He also read about animals. He collected toads, lizards, and snakes. He trained pigeons to do tricks after he saw them performing one year at a fair. Training the pigeons probably was where he got his ideas of operant conditioning. He attended Susquehanna High School just like his mother and father. In his graduating class there were only eight people including him. He was a very intellectual person. He reported that he really enjoyed school. Over the four years in highRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay example839 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the application of social-learning principles. Assessment procedures focus on describing how an individual behaves, thinks, and feels in specific situations. Treatment methods are derived from the theories and findings of experimental psychology. These approaches also share a commitment to the use of scientific research methods to evaluate objectively the clinical utility of their procedures. Behavior-modification procedures have been applied successfully to a broad range of psychological, medical

Kompyuter Adiksyon Free Essays

E. Competition In the Tagaytay City we have several competitors in the terms of Shawarma product and there are also a lot of food charts that place in the different area of Tagaytay City because it is the tourist spot in the Philippines. The main targets of this food chart are the lower middle to upper middle class and some are tourist international and local. We will write a custom essay sample on Kompyuter Adiksyon or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our indirect competitors are Mr. Mappy pizza, Potato Chips, Siomai, Angel’s Burger and etc. Our direct competitors in the area Turks (Olivarez) and Alibaba Shawarma (magallenes branch and robinson tagaytay). Market Shares: Turk’s Shawarma (Olivarez Plaza) is the number one in market shares because of its place and the volume of people go in Olivarez Plaza while Alibaba Shawarma (Robinson Tagaytay Branch) is the number two on the spot because of its place but theres a lot of competitors in the place like restaurant and fast food chains and Alibaba Shawarma (magallenes square Branch) it is the last spots because in the that place only workers of different establishment are the customer because that place have different restaurant and food chains to choose from like Leslies, Max restaurant, Yellow Cab and many more. Resources: Since, this establishment is food stall type and there is a Franchisee and Franchisor. The resources of the business are comes from the Franchisor all the thing that will be needed in the business comes from franchisor. Product and Market Focus The product is shawarma product it is meat preparation, where  lamb,  chicken,  turkey,  beef,  veal, or mixed meats are placed on a  spit  (commonly a vertical spit in  restaurants), and may be grilled for as long as a day. Shavings are cut off the block of meat for serving, and the remainder of the block of meat is kept heated on the rotating spit. There market focuses to sell the product on their target market they only focus on selling the product they not create new idea about the product. Goals They goal is to sell a delicious shawarma to their customer and serve the best shawarma on the place. Strategies This food stall only focuses in selling the product to their customer they not focus on how their establishment continues to operate. Their also dependent on their franchisor all planning and strategies comes from their franchisor. Strengths and Weaknesses All establishments has a nice place but the product they offer is only limited in terms of sizes and different variety of flavor. Key Barriers to Entry There no vacant place to rent There are so many stalls in the place There are no yet crews for the business There is no yet a stall for the business Our product is unique from the other shawarma product because our product is a kind of street food that is of the same concept as Shawarma which is thinly sliced meat mixed with chopped vegetables and is rolled into a large piece of steamed bread. The difference from our product and the traditional shawarma is that we modified the fillings. We will not fill the bread with the usual meat and vegetables. Instead, we will add new flavors to the traditional shawarma. Examples are Spaghetti, Pizza and California maki flavored shawarma. We will address our product as shawarma because the idea of filipino consumers of shawarma is filled flatbread which is applied in our new product. This new product will be named â€Å"Shawarmalaya†. Shawarmalaya came from the words â€Å"Shawarma† and â€Å"Malaya. Shawarma because the concept of this food is derived from the traditional shawarma and Malaya because customers can freely choose from the new flavors of shawarma. The idea of this product is mostly derived from the traditional shawarma so the preparation of this product will be quite the same. The facilities to be used will also be the same except for the vertical grill used in cooking the traditional shawarma meat. We will also be needing an oven and steamers for the baking and steaming of the bread. Usual kitchen utensils will also be used for cooking and preparing the fillings. The processes and technology to be used in the preparation of this product will not be as high-tech as used in making the traditional shawarma. Since we are short on facility and capital, we have decided to use alternatives to make the product. The use of old processes of making food will also mean less cost and expenses which will be good for the group/company. The usual shawarma meat is cooked in a vertical grill, in our case; we will just grill meat in an old fashioned way which will make the meat tastier and cost less. On the other hand, the preparation of the bread will be the same as the traditional shawarma which is baked and steamed then rolled with the fillings. This idea is innovative in a way. We managed to add a twist and modify an already existing product. We didn’t change the form of the product but its approach. We are trying to make a new perception of shawarma on the minds of the consumers. We also want the consumers to enjoy the food they like in a new more flavorful way. Our product is difficult to copy because we have secret ingredient to put up to the product and we have the best suppliers that will supply best ingredients that will be needed. Our competitors will be surprise because we have different approach to our customer because they have the free will to choose what the flavor will be put to their shawarmalaya. Our competitors will be surprise because we have different variety to choose from we have different flavors that is new to the eyes and taste of the consumer. When we launch our product we will do first 100 customers is free to taste our product and first one week of our product is by one take one. In takes a lot of time to copy our product because it is unique and it has different ingredients to find. How to cite Kompyuter Adiksyon, Essay examples

Fiber Optics Essay Example For Students

Fiber Optics Essay Fiber optics is a branch of optics concerning the transmission of light by meansof optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass or other opticallytransparent materials. Optical fibers can be used to guide lightwhich iselectromagnetic radiation in a certain frequency rangein much the same waythat metal wave guides or coaxial cables can be used to guide lower-frequencyelectromagnetic radiation. Optical Fiber An optical fiber is usually circular incross section and consists of a core and cladding. An optical fiber forcommunication applications is typically between about 0.1 and 0.2mm (0.004 and0.008 in) in diameter. In order that the light waves be guided by the fiber, thecore must have a higher index of refraction than the cladding. One such fiber iscalled a step-index fiber because the index changes abruptly at the interfacebetween the core and the cladding. An important variation of this structure isthe graded-index fiber, so called because the index of refraction decreasessmoothl y outward from the center with no abrupt step. Transmission of Light Inthe step-index fiber, the light wave is guided by a process called totalinternal reflection. Only rays that have an angle of incidence at thecore-cladding interface greater than the critical angle will be reflected backinto the core and thus guided by the fiber. Some rays follow a longer paththrough the fiber than do others. Thus a pulse of energy entering the fiberundergoes dispersion. This effect limits the bandwidth of the fiber and reducesthe amount of information it can transmit. This undesirable feature can bepartly overcome by the use of graded-index fibers of proper design. ApplicationsFiber optics is used in several areas of telecommunications. Advantages ofoptical fibers include their wide bandwidth, low attenuation, lightness, smallcross section, and non-conductivity of electricity. In telephone systems theycan provide communication channels to customers and wideband facilities forinterconnecting switc hing offices. Because they are non-conducting, they can beused to provide telecommunications services to locations in electrically hostileenvironments, such as electric power stations. Because they are completelyimmune to induced currents from external electromagnetic fields, optical fibersare also useful in environments where electrical noise exists, such as hospitalsand factories. Finally, their lightness makes them attractive for use inaircraft and spacecraft as well as in portable communications systems requiredfor tactical military applications. All these properties make them desirable forinterconnecting computers and other sophisticated electronic equipment. Incommunication-system applications, individual fibers usually are used to guidelight waves. Other applications employ bundles of fibers. One such applicationis the transmission of light for illumination. Fibers used for this purpose neednot have the cladding or the index gradient of single-fiber light guides becausethe in dex step at the glass-air interface serves to guide the light. Anotherapplication of fiber bundles is the transmission of images. For this applicationthe fibers must be arranged in the bundle in a coherent fashion. By arrangingthe locations of the fibers at one end (the output) of the bundle in certainways with respect to their location at the other end (the input), such functionsas magnification, inversion, rotation, distortion, and scrambling of the imagecan be performed. Bundles of this type can be used for viewing otherwiseinaccessible areas, an example being the physicians endoscope. In order toachieve high resolution, fibers with diameters as small as 0.02 mm (0.0008 in)are used in these applications. Fiber bundles are also used in photography,spectroscopy, and image processing.